Exploration and Practice of the "One Combination, Two Highlights, Three Combinations, Four in One" Innovative Talents Training Mode in Forensic Medicine / 法医学杂志

Talent is one of the basic and strategic supports for building a modern socialist country in all aspects. Since the 1980s, the establishment of forensic medicine major and the cultivation of innovative talents in forensic medicine have become hot topics in higher education in forensic medicine. Over the past 43 years, the forensic medicine team of Shanxi Medical University has adhered to the joint education of public security and colleges, and made collaborative innovation, forming a training mode of "One Combination, Two Highlights, Three Combinations, Four in One" for innovative talents in forensic medicine. It has carried out "5+3/X" integrated reform, and formed a relatively complete talent training innovation mode and management system in teaching, scientific research, identification, major, discipline, team, platform and cultural construction. It has made a historic contribution to China's higher forensic education, accumulated valuable experience for the construction of first-class major and first-class discipline of forensic medicine, and provided strong support for the construction of the national new forensic talent training system. The popularization of this training mode is conducive to the rapid and sustainable development of forensic science, and provides more excellent forensic talents for national building, regional social development and the discipline construction of forensic science.

Antropología Física en función de las ciencias médicas: una necesidad de estos tiempos / Physical anthropology for medical sciences: a need in current times

Introducción: El sistema de conocimientos de Antropología Física responde a especialidades médicas como la Anatomía Humana y la Medicina Legal. En Cuba estas especialidades médicas no cuentan con la profundidad y superación profesional adecuada que permita el uso práctico de estos conocimientos. Objetivo: Caracterizar el entrenamiento de posgrado "Osteología y Odontología en función de la identificación humana", realizado en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas entre enero y marzo de 2020. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. La población estuvo compuesta por 25 cursistas, especialistas en Medicina Legal y Anatomía Humana. Se consideraron variables como programa de estudio, categoría docente de los participantes, satisfacción con su desarrollo y resultados de la promoción docente. Para las indagaciones empíricas se aplicó la técnica de PNI como parte de la valoración general del curso. Resultados: El curso se impartió durante 56 horas en 7 semanas. Como parte de sus logros se realizó la clasificación y caracterización antropológica de una parte de la osamenta de la Osteoteca de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, así como la ampliación de esta mediante una sección de Antropología Física que incorporó seis cadáveres completos caracterizados antropológicamente. Conclusiones: Este entrenamiento permitió adiestrar y actualizar a los cursistas sobre la identificación humana, a partir del estudio de los restos óseos referentes a la expresión cualitativa y cuantitativa de los caracteres morfológicos, que responden a las necesidades de la práctica docente en anatomía y la asistencia médico legal(AU)

Introduction: The knowledge system of Physical Anthropology responds to medical specialties such as Human Anatomy and Legal Medicine. In Cuba, these medical specialties do not have adequate depth and professional improvement that allows the practical use of this knowledge. Objective: To characterize the training about osteology and dental medicine in view of human identification, carried out at the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas between January and March 2020. Methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 25 trainees, specialists in Legal Medicine and Human Anatomy. Some variables were considered, such as study program, teaching category of the participants, satisfaction with their development and results of teaching promotion. For the empirical inquiries, the positive-negative-interesting technique was applied as part of the general assessment of the course. Results: The course lasted 56 hours distributed in seven weeks. As part of its achievements, the anthropological classification and characterization of a part of the materials from the bone collection of the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas was carried out, as well as its expansion through a physical anthropology section that incorporated six complete corpses anthropologically characterized. Conclusions: This training allowed to train and update the students on human identification, based on the study of bone remains referring to the qualitative and quantitative expression of morphological characters, which respond to the needs of teaching practice in Anatomy, as well as in legal-medical assistance(AU)

Valoración preoperatoria: función anestésica / Preoperative assessment: anesthetic function

Resumen:La valoración preoperatoria en nuestro país se ha convertido en la obtención de un visto bueno para una cirugía.La preparación de un paciente para cirugía requiere la comprensión del estado del paciente, la cirugía y los riesgos y alteraciones fisiológicas de cada técnica anestésica. Los pacientes sin valoración preoperatoria por un anestesiólogo tienen hasta siete veces mayor mortalidad, es por lo tanto pertinente que la valoración preoperatoria sea realizada por especialistas en esta área con conocimiento sobre las metas de la optimización perioperatoria de las comorbilidades y la disminución del riesgo quirúrgico.

Abstract:In our country the pre-surgery evaluation has become limited to an approval to perform it. Preparing a patient for surgery requires the understanding of its medical condition, surgery's risks, and the physiological alterations of each anesthetics procedure. Patients without a pre-surgery evaluation by an anesthesiologist have seven times higher risk of death; it is pertinent that this evaluation be performed by specialists with knowledge on the perioperative optimization goals, on comorbidities, and decrease of the surgical risks.

Physician's perspectives about consent in medical practice a questionnaire based study.

It is a principle recognised not only by our own but by other legal systems that ignorance of the law is no excuse for violating it. Obtaining informed consent is act like a shield to protect a medical practitioner from litigation suits and claims and also help in maintaining autonomy of the patient. With this background, the study was aimed to assess knowledge and various other perspectives of medical fraternity regarding some aspects of consent. A cross sectional survey was conducted at Pramukhswami Medial College, Karamsad during the year 2009. Total 150 physicians in the institute were given questionnaire, asking for information about their knowledge & level of satisfaction. Out of which 117 physicians have responded. 68.42% physicians felt satisfied about their knowledge of consent in medical practice but 76.31% physicians responded that their knowledge about various aspects applicable to them is limited or nil. 54.39% physicians expressed that they knew validity of consent. 50% physicians were not clear what to do if relatives deny for giving consent in emergency situation. Medical practitioner should upgrade their knowledge regarding medical jurisprudence and legal medicine to avoid any litigation, by regular medicolegal training programmes.

O ensino da medicina legal na formação profissional da carreira jurídica / The teaching of forensic medicine in the training of the legal profession

A introdução do ensino médico-legal nos currículos de Direito, já assegura longa data e teve sua proposta relatada por Rui Barbosa e aprovada na Câmara dos Deputados, após o que o Governo brasileiro determinou a criação da cátedra de Medicina Legal nas Faculdades de Direito do país a partir de 1891. Ao longo de muitos anos foi disciplina obrigatória nos cursos de Direito transparecendo a importância da matéria na formação dos profissionais, mormente aqueles que militam na esfera criminal, mas também aplicável a, praticamente, todas as especialidades da área jurídica. A despeito da evolução das ciências forenses, que introduziram no século XXI novos horizontes da sua aplicação no contexto jurídico, ressalto ainda a própria cobrança da matéria nos concursos, para aqueles que almejam a carreira Policial. No entanto, independente da indiscutível importância da matéria, na formação acadêmica do profissional de direito, o Ministério da Educação decidiu estabelecer a Medicina Legal como disciplina optativa nos cursos de Direito. Essa medida veio ao de encontro dos interesses sociais, pois a sociedade, na busca de seus direitos, requer profissionais bem formados, com conhecimento compatível com a evolução científica. Ensinar Medicina Legal é uma árdua tarefa, pois há necessidade de valorizar mais a atividade docente e proporcionar meios para que esse ensino seja amplamente desenvolvido na formação da carreira jurídica. No presente trabalho são expostas as argumentações técnicas e pedagógicas para a manutenção de disciplina como obrigatória nos Cursos de graduação em Direito, visando, com isso, uma formação acadêmica mais completa, que corresponda a sua importante aplicação nas diversas áreas do Direito, bem como sua implantação como disciplina obrigatória nos exames de ordem da OAB.

The introduction of legal medicine teaching in the curricula of Law dates back a long time and had its proposal reported by Rui Barbosa and approved at the House of Representatives, after the Brazilian government determined the creation of the Cátedra of Forensic Medicine in the Law School from 1891.Throughout the years it was compulsory in Law course showing the importance of the subject in the formation of professionals, mainly those who work in the criminal sphere, but also applicable to all the specialties in the legal area. Regarding the evolution of the forensics science, that introduced in the XXI century new horizons in its implementation within the legal context, I would like to emphasize the importance of the subject in public contests, for those who aim the police career. However, regardless the relevance of the subject, in the academic formation of the Professional in Law, the Education Ministry decided to establish the Legal Medicine as an optional subject in Law courses. This measure has been against the social interests, since society, in search for their rights, demands well trained professionals, with knowledge compatible to the scientific evolution. Teaching legal medicine today is a hard task, since there`s more need in focusing on the teaching activity and providing means so that this teaching can be widely developed in the formation of the legal career. In this paper the technical and pedagogical arguments are shown to keep the subject as compulsory in the undergraduate course of law, and thus aiming at a more complete academic formation, portraying its important application in different areas of Law, as well as its implementation as a compulsory subject in the bar exams of OAB.

Role of forensic medicine in administration of justice a critical review.

Two small round opaque shadows of metallic densities opined as that the injury was not a firearm injury but was self inflicted one by the first Medical Board under the Chairmanship of Chief Medical Officer. Opinion of another Medical Board comprising Forensic Medicine expert considered it as a: Clear cut case of firearm wound. Based on two contradictory opinions, Allahabad Court held that the Charge: sheet submitted under sections 323, 504, and 506 IPC, ought to have been submitted under some graver sections too. This paper deals with a critical review of case where two Medical Boards were constituted in the interest of justice. Views of various other relevant judgments of Hon’ble Supreme Court and various High Courts emphasizes the importance of Forensic Medicine in the administration of justice and need for refresher courses and training for medical officers suggested to avoid future recurrences of such nature are discussed in brief.

Developing and maintaining website of department of forensic medicine and toxicology: a need of the hour.

With recent advancement of civilization, man has been inventing various tools to assist him in living in the changed environment. Online Medical Education System has now become reality. Developing and maintaining website of Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by every medical college is the need of the hour. Developing and maintaining a website is not a difficult task for any department irrespective of the status of the institution. The financial burden is not very much. What makes this task so difficult is the lack of knowledge in this area rather than hurdles on the way. Authors have tried to clarify the various doubts regarding this area i.e. how the website can be developed, the financial burden to register a website, website maintainence, role of on-line medical education, undergraduate and postgraduate students benefits by the website, website use to associate different departments and institutions, obtaining updated information via Internet and other websites, the security issues while sharing the information as well as updating. It is envisaged that whence the departments develop their website, they may be affiliated to IAFM website for their greater visibility.

Teaching, training and practice of forensic medicine in India - An overview.

Forensic medicine & Toxicology, an important and integral part of medical education, has been a silent spectator to its ups and downs in the recent past. Having had its glory at times, playing pivotal role at places in aiding criminal justice, it has unfortunately failed to sustain the impetus and its importance. Furthermore, Medical Council of India (MCI) - the national medical supreme body, has come down heavily on this specialty in general and on its curriculum in particular at the undergraduate level, pushing it down to the cross roads. The increasing legal awareness among the masses, frequent unsavory remarks on the doctors by the judiciary, bringing medical profession under the purview of the Consumer Protection Act in contrast to the decreasing of importance of the subject in the medical curriculum coupled with casual approach to the subject both by the teacher and the taught have all culminated into a situation where fate of the subject befits the words of Sir Winston Churchill, "This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning."

Docencia e investigación en Medicina Legal: Situación actual y desafíos para las Facultades de Medicina de Chile / Training and research in Forensic Medicine: Present situation and future challenges

Background:Lawyers need some medical knowledge and physicians must know about forensics. Aim: To explore training and research programs in forensic medicine in Chilean universities. Material and methods: Deans of all Medicine Faculties in Chile were contacted by e-mail and invited to answer a questionnaire containing 21 questions. A survey of Chilean publications on forensic medicine was performed in Medline, Lilacs and SciELO databases. Results: Fourteen deans answered the questionnaire. In all the responding faculties, forensic medicine is an obligatory course, generally during the fifth year and mostly combining theory with practice. In seven faculties, forensic medicine concepts are included in other courses. Forensics is taught in only two of 10 dental schools, two of 17 nursing schools, one of nine midwives schools and one of nine medical technology schools. It is not taught in phonoaudiology, kinesiology and nutrition schools. There are 74 physicians that teach the specialty but only 10 are certified by the National Board of Medical Specialty Certification (CONACEM). Treatment of most topics on forensics is insufficient. Thanatology is the strongest topic and forensic dentistry is the weakest. There are 52 publications in the area, mostly on "medical law". Conclusions: Forensic medicine is taught in medical schools mostly as thanatology. The knowledge of forensics among medical students is limited and must be improved.

Analytic study of anatomical corps cares in Lattakia Governorate [1991-2000]

The study of 63 anatomical corps cases were studied from 2186 death cases were inspected forensically in the governorate of Lattakia, through the last ten years from 1991 to 2000, from a specific form from which we have abstracted the information from the records of the Forensic Medicine Center, and from the records of the civil and military courts in the governorate of Lattakia. We have found out that the rate of anatomical cases in general were very little for social reasons, and non-availability of the personnel, well developed and specialized centers, as we could not also find any anatomical case for tutorial or academic [administrative] reasons, and the rate of the partial anatomy so high and specially with those related to firearms, which are commonly and widely used in individual disputes. We have also found that the rate of the males and adults was so high where these are present in homicides and accidents. Also, we found that the photos and photography of corps and also radiology pre and post anatomy was little, and that the cases of digging out for the corps are rare only two cases. Also, the genitals and pelvic anatomy was rare. Anatomy of the spinal cord and the medulla spinalis in any anatomical case was not carried out. We found many difficulties in sending and inspecting the toxics and samples and the biopsies taken from the corps. We also noticed that the individual performing the anatomy is almost one of non-forensic doctors, and non cooperation of the personnel specialized in forensic medicine and exchange of experience among them, with no interest at all in the residents for specialization to qualify them in a good manner. We have suggested for the increase of the number of the anatomical cases, and to better the understanding of society of the aims of anatomy, and make a qualified staff of specialized and well trained staff available, with modern centers for forensic medicine in the centers of the districts and the governorates. We have suggested that anatomy should be done completely in order to miss not any kind of the causes which may be associated in causing the death. Tishreen University is taking her academic, tutorial and scientific part through the staff and the Forensic Medical Center to work and anticipate in training in all what is relevant to forensic medicine, in setting up a medical forensic corps at specialized modern centers supervising over each work in forensic medicine in the governorate. Also, we have suggested in view of the hard circumstances in which the forensic doctors work in which the increase in the forensic doctors salaries, and respect their basic role at the inspection, anatomy and medical experience

O ensino da Bioética no curso médico / The teaching of Bioethics in medicine

O ensino da Ética nas escolas de Medicina do país ainda caracteriza-se por uma visão marcadamente deontológica, o que não mais atende às necessidades de formação do profissional exigidas pelo atual momento. A busca de respostas aos novos desafios da contemporaneidade haverá de passar não só pela reestruturação do aparelho formador mas, particularmente, pela identificação de uma metodologia de ensino que atenda as autênticas postulações da sociedade moderna. Acima de tudo, deverá privilegiar o respeito à autonomia do ser humano enfermo, na sua complexa realidade biopsicossocial e espiritual.